Buffer Preparation (PBS/TBS): Provides NaCl to set ionic strength when preparing PBS or TBS from concentrates or scratch for cell culture and immunoassays.

Protein Purification (Ion-Exchange Chromatography): Used to create salt gradients and high-salt elution/wash steps to disrupt ionic interactions and elute bound proteins.

Affinity Chromatography (e.g., Ni-NTA/His-Tag): Included at 300 mM–1M NaCl to reduce nonspecific binding during wash and elution.

Protein Storage Buffers: Adjusts ionic strength to enhance solubility and reduce aggregation or nonspecific interactions.

Nucleic Acid Hybridization (SSC/SSPE Buffers): Supplies NaCl for SSC/SSPE formulations used in Northern/Southern blots and in situ hybridization.

DNA Handling (Resuspension/Precipitation Aids): Provides salt for DNA resuspension buffers and certain ethanol precipitation workflows.

Immunoassays (ELISA/Western Blot Washes): Used to prepare saline components of PBS-T/TBS-T wash buffers to minimize nonspecific binding.

Cell Culture Osmolarity Adjustment: Sterile, endotoxin-tested NaCl for fine-tuning medium osmolarity in sensitive cell lines.

Microbiology Saline (Serial Dilutions/CFU): Dilutes to 0.85% saline for rinsing and serial dilutions of Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and other bacteria.

Periplasmic Extraction/Osmotic Shock: Employed in high-salt steps to facilitate release of periplasmic proteins from E. coli.