Cell Culture Washing and Rinsing: Isotonic pH 7.4 buffer for washing adherent and suspension cells without disrupting membrane integrity.

Tissue and Organ Rinses: Maintains physiological osmolarity during dissection and transport of tissues.

Antibody and Reagent Dilution: Stable, inert diluent for antibodies, peptides, and proteins prior to use.

ELISA and Immunoassay Washes: Used as a base wash buffer (often with Tween-20) to reduce nonspecific binding.

Western Blot Washing and Dilutions: Serves as PBS or PBS-T for membrane washes and antibody dilutions.

Immunofluorescence/IHC Washes: Rinses slides and coverslips to preserve antigen integrity and reduce background.

Flow Cytometry Staining Buffer Base: Combined with protein blockers (e.g., BSA) to minimize cell clumping and nonspecific staining.

Cell Counting and Sample Handling: Used in hemocytometer and automated counter workflows for cell resuspension.

Microbial Cell Suspension and Dilution: Physiological buffer for washing and diluting Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and other bacteria.

General Specimen Transport: Maintains pH and ionic strength during short-term transport of cells and biomolecules.

Instrument and Surface Rinsing: Non-reactive rinse for labware and fluidics systems between runs.

DNA/RNA/Protein Handling (Non-chelating): Phosphate-buffered, Mg2+-free solution suitable for gentle rinses and dilutions where enzymatic activity is not required.