Buffer Preparation and Ionic Strength Adjustment: Diluted to formulate PBS, TBS, SSC, and other buffers, precisely setting salt concentration and conductivity.

Ion-Exchange Chromatography: Used to set binding conditions and generate salt gradients for protein elution and selectivity control.

Affinity and Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography: Minimizes nonspecific interactions and tunes binding/elution by adjusting salt levels.

Nucleic Acid Extraction and Precipitation: Provides cations and ionic strength for DNA/RNA precipitation and phase-separation workflows.

Immunoassays and Blotting: Added to wash and blocking buffers (e.g., TBS/TBST) to reduce nonspecific binding and background.

Cell and Microbial Workflows: Used for isotonic rinses, dilutions, resuspensions, and osmotic balance in culture-related procedures.

Osmotic Shock and Periplasmic Extraction: High/low salt steps enable controlled osmotic shifts for periplasmic protein release.

Hybridization and Stringency Washes: Formulates high-salt solutions (e.g., SSC/SSPE) for nucleic acid hybridization and controlled stringency.

Diafiltration and TFF Buffers: Sets conductivity and osmolality for upstream/downstream bioprocessing and membrane performance.

Dialysis and Desalting: Controls ionic strength during buffer exchange and removal of small molecules.

Protein Stabilization: Adjusts salt to enhance solubility, reduce aggregation, and maintain protein activity in storage and assays.

Conductivity Calibration and QC: Diluted to prepare ionic standards and verify process conductivity targets.