Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Used in PCR reactions to maintain optimal pH conditions for polymerase activity.

Gel Electrophoresis: Serves in Tris-based running and sample buffers (e.g., Tris-Glycine) to provide stable pH during nucleic acid and protein separation.

Protein Purification: Used in chromatography (e.g., ion exchange, affinity) to buffer binding, wash, and elution steps.

Enzyme Assays: Provides consistent pH for enzymatic reactions to ensure accurate kinetics and activity measurements.

DNA/RNA Extraction and Cleanup: Buffers nucleic acids during lysis, washing, and elution (e.g., Tris-based TE and elution buffers).

Molecular Cloning: Maintains pH for restriction digests, ligations, and competent cell prep workflows.

qPCR/RT-PCR: Buffers reverse transcription and amplification mixes for reliable performance.

Western Blotting: Used in Tris-Glycine running, transfer, and TBST wash buffers for protein detection workflows.

ELISA and Immunoassays: Formulates wash and sample buffers to stabilize antibodies and antigens.

Cell Lysis and Sample Preparation: Components of Tris-based lysis buffers (e.g., RIPA) for protein extraction.

NGS Library Preparation: Buffers end-repair, A-tailing, and adapter ligation steps for consistent reaction conditions.