Cell Culture Washes and Resuspension: Isotonic buffer for rinsing adherent cells, removing serum/proteins, and resuspending cell pellets without affecting viability.

Immunoassays (ELISA): Used as a plate wash and sample/reagent diluent to minimize nonspecific binding and maintain physiological pH.

Flow Cytometry: Serves as a staining and wash buffer to preserve cell integrity and reduce background during antibody labeling.

Western Blotting and Immunostaining: Employed as a wash/rinse buffer between antibody incubation steps for consistent signal and low background.

Microscopy and Immunofluorescence: Used to rinse slides, dilute antibodies, and maintain osmolarity during imaging workflows.

Sample Dilution and Reagent Preparation: Provides a physiologically buffered matrix for diluting proteins, antibodies, and cells.

Microbiology Workflows: Used to wash and resuspend bacterial pellets (e.g., E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus) and to prepare inocula.

Tissue and Cell Handling: Rinses tissues and neutralizes enzymatic dissociation reagents to protect cells post-harvest.

Bead-Based Assays and Magnetic Separations: Maintains ionic strength and pH during particle washes and target capture steps.

General Laboratory Rinsing: Rinses labware and membranes to remove residual reagents without introducing ionic shock.