Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Used in PCR reactions to maintain optimal pH conditions for enzyme activity.

Gel Electrophoresis: Serves as a running buffer in SDS-PAGE, native PAGE, and nucleic acid gels, providing consistent pH for separation.

Protein Purification: Utilized in ion-exchange and affinity chromatography to maintain a stable pH during binding and elution.

Enzyme Assays: Provides a consistent pH for enzymatic reactions, ensuring accurate kinetic measurements.

Nucleic Acid Extraction and Purification: Used in lysis, wash, and elution buffers to stabilize DNA and RNA.

Western Blotting and Immunoassays: Component of TBS/TBST buffers for membrane blocking, washing, and antibody dilutions.

Sample Lysis and Preparation: Included in lysis and resuspension buffers to maintain pH during cell and tissue disruption.

DNA/RNA Storage and Elution: Used to prepare low-salt Tris buffers for nucleic acid storage and spin-column elution.

Chromatography Buffer Preparation (GMP): Large-volume, sterile buffer base for upstream and downstream processes in regulated manufacturing.

UF/DF and Buffer Exchange (GMP): Prepared as diafiltration and exchange buffers to maintain product stability during concentration steps.