Cell Culture Rinsing: Isotonic buffer for washing and maintaining pH 7.4 in adherent and suspension cell cultures.

Cell Pellet Resuspension: Gentle resuspension of mammalian cells and bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis after centrifugation.

Immunofluorescence/IHC Washes: Rinsing tissues and cells between antibody incubation steps to reduce background.

ELISA Plate Washing: Used as a wash buffer and diluent for antibodies and standards (often with Tween-20 and/or BSA).

Flow Cytometry: Washing and resuspending cells prior to acquisition (commonly supplemented with BSA and EDTA).

Western Blot Washes: Base for PBS-T (PBS + Tween-20) to wash membranes and antibodies.

Microscopy Rinses: Rinsing fixed cells and tissues to preserve morphology and ionic balance during imaging.

General Reagent Dilution: Preparing and diluting enzymes, antibodies, and dyes where a neutral, isotonic buffer is required.

Tissue Handling: Short-term storage and transport of tissues and cell suspensions on ice to maintain osmolarity and pH.

Microbiology Workflows: Washing and diluting bacterial cultures (e.g., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus) without supplying nutrients.