Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Used in PCR reactions to maintain optimal pH conditions for enzyme activity.

Gel Electrophoresis: Serves as a running or sample buffer component, providing consistent pH for nucleic acid and protein separation.

Protein Purification: Utilized in anion exchange chromatography to maintain a stable pH environment during protein binding and elution.

Enzyme Assays: Provides a consistent pH for enzymatic reactions, ensuring accurate kinetic measurements.

Immunoassays (ELISA/Western): Used in coating, blocking, and wash buffers to stabilize antigen–antibody interactions.

Cell and Tissue Culture: Buffers culture media to maintain physiological pH during maintenance and manipulation.

Bacterial Culture Media Preparation: Adjusts and stabilizes pH in media for growth of organisms such as Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis.

Nucleic Acid Extraction and Storage: Stabilizes DNA/RNA during extraction, cleanup, and short-term storage.

HPLC and Chromatography Buffers: Functions as a phosphate buffer component for compatible analytical separations.

Spectrophotometric Assays: Provides a defined ionic environment for colorimetric and UV–Vis assays.