Western Blotting: Commonly used as wash and blocking buffer (especially with alkaline phosphatase detection) to maintain pH 7.4 and ionic strength.

ELISA: Employed as plate wash and antibody dilution buffer; compatible with BSA-based blocking in TBS.

Immunohistochemistry/Immunocytochemistry: Used for tissue/cell washing and antibody dilution to reduce nonspecific binding.

Immunofluorescence Microscopy: Provides gentle washes and antibody diluent to minimize background.

Preparation of TBS-T: Base for TBS with Tween-20 (0.05–0.1%) for stringent washing in immunoassays.

Protein Assays and Handling: Serves as a buffer for protein dilution, sample preparation, and storage when phosphate is undesirable.

Plate Coating/Blocking Workflows: Used with BSA or casein to block microplates and membranes in protein detection assays.

Dot/Slot Blotting: Applied as wash and blocking buffer for protein blots.

Chromatography: Utilized in immunoaffinity and other workflows needing stable pH and high ionic strength without phosphate.

Alkaline Phosphatase–Based Assays: Preferred buffer system where phosphate-containing buffers would inhibit AP activity.